Efecto potencial del ejercicio físico y del consumo de micronutrientes durante la gestación en factores maternos y placentarios asociados con enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles (ECNT) del adulto.
Artículo de revista
2012-02-24
En la actualidad casi todos los esfuerzos para prevenir las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles (ECNT)
a nivel poblacional, se han centrado en promover comportamientos saludables como el ejercicio, la actividad física, el consumo de frutas y verduras, y el desestimular el consumo de tabaco y alcohol en la población adulta, pero los resultados han sido poco alentadores. En los últimos años, múltiples estudios han señalado la relación entre alteraciones del crecimiento fetal y el desarrollo de ECNT en la edad adulta. Más recientemente, se ha propuesto que factores maternos (función endotelial, estrés
oxidativo y alteraciones en adipoquinas) y placentarios (disfunción mitocondrial) pueden ser mecanismos precursores de alteraciones metabólicas fetales y del desarrollo posterior de ECNT y que intervenciones como el ejercicio físico y la complementación con micronutrientes durante la gestación podrían regular dichos factores maternos y placentarios.
Currently, most efforts to prevent nontransmissible chronic diseases at population level have centered on
promoting healthy behaviors like physical activity, consumption of fruits and vegetables, and discouraging from the
consumption of tobacco and alcohol in the adult population, but the results have been less than hopeful. During recent years,
a number of studies have indicated the relation between metabolic alterations and fetal growth with the development of nontransmissible chronic diseases in adult age. More recently,
it has been proposed that maternal factors (endothelial
function, oxidative stress, and alterations in adipokynes) and
placental factors (mitochondrial dysfunction) are the
precursory mechanisms of fetal metabolic alterations and of
the later development of nontransmissible chronic diseases.
Also, it has been suggested that possibly supplementation
with micronutrients and physical exercise during gestation
could regulate these maternal and placental factors.
Aim: To conduct a literature review to verify the role of
physical exercise and micronutrients during pregnancy on
placental and maternal factors related to nontransmissible
chronic diseases in adults.
Methods: Medline, SciELO, Embase, Science Direct, Cochrane
Central Register of Controlled Trials, and the Cochrane Library
were used in the last 10 years (1998-2008). The following topics
were reviewed: pregnancy, fetal development, oxidative stress,
vascular endothelium, mitochondrial dysfunction, adipokines,
micronutrients, and exercise.
Results: Oxidative stress, as the central pathophysiological
event, such as changes in levels of adipokynes, mitochondrial
and endothelial dysfunction, plays an important
role in fetal programming of chronic diseases and factors such
as micronutrient supplementation and physical exercise during
pregnancy could modulate this state in a charity institution
aiding in the early prevention of chronic diseases.
Conclusion: To clarify whether the proposed molecular
and physiological mechanism items are related to metabolic
abnormalities and fetal complementation with micronutrients
during pregnancy and/or regular physical exercise.
Spanish
- Colombia Médica [855]